Free Web Tool · Geotechnical / Hydraulics

Seepage Flow Net

Estimate seepage Q and exit gradient i_e from flow-net counts (Nf, Nd) per Casagrande / Cedergren — with FS against piping.

Input

last drop near exit

Results

q per unit length
Avg head loss per drop Δh
Exit gradient i_e
Critical i_c = (Gs−1)/(1+e)
FS = i_c / i_e
Method

Casagrande: q = k·H·(Nf/Nd) per unit length. Δh = H/Nd. i_e ≈ Δh / Lexit. Critical gradient i_c = (Gs − 1)/(1 + e). Recommended FS against piping ≥ 3.0 for cohesionless soil.