Input
Results
VTM (air voids %)—
VMA (% voids in mineral aggregate)—
VFA (% voids filled with asphalt)—
Dust / effective binder ratio—
VTM acceptance (3–5%)—
VMA acceptance (≥ target)—
VFA acceptance—
Method
VTM = (1 − Gmb/Gmm) · 100. VMA = 100 − (Gmb · Ps / Gsb), with Ps = 100 − Pb. VFA = (VMA − VTM) / VMA · 100. Dust/binder = P200 / Pbe (effective binder). Effective binder Pbe ≈ Pb − (Gb · (Gse − Gsb) / (Gse · Gsb)) · Ps; here approximated using Gsb. Targets (DPWH 705 / Superpave): VTM 3–5%, VMA ≥ 13–15% by NMAS, VFA 65–75%, dust/binder 0.6–1.2.